{"id":136361,"date":"2013-05-13T22:25:20","date_gmt":"2013-05-13T19:25:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/?p=136361"},"modified":"2024-02-06T15:05:02","modified_gmt":"2024-02-06T12:05:02","slug":"john-heartfield-ve-politik-fotomontaj-136361","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/john-heartfield-ve-politik-fotomontaj-136361\/","title":{"rendered":"John Heartfield Kimdir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sanat yazar\u0131 Meral Bostanc\u0131\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “John Heartfield Kimdir?” adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 yay\u0131nl\u0131yoruz.<\/h1>\n

Berlin Dada sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alan John Heartfield (Helmut Herzfeld, 1891-1968), 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sanat tarihinde \u00f6zel bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n

En tan\u0131n\u0131r oldu\u011fu alan foto\u011frafla alakal\u0131 olsa da, kendisi bir foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131 de\u011fildir. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’na kadar, geleneksel \u00e7izgilerde kitap tasar\u0131m\u0131 e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f; M\u00fcnih\u2019te uygulamal\u0131 bir sanat okulu sonras\u0131nda ilk olarak bir bask\u0131 firmas\u0131nda reklam tasar\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak i\u015fe ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1923 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde John Heartfield, Max Reinhardt\u2019\u0131n (1873-1943) Alman Tiyatrosu’nda (Deutsches Theather) ve Erwin Piscator\u2019un (Erwin Friedrich Maximilian Piscator, 1893-1966) Proleter Tiyatrosu’nda kost\u00fcm tasar\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve tiyatro set tasar\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Berlin<\/a>
*Berlin Piscator Sahnesi (Berliner Piscator- B\u00fchne) Franz Jung\u2019un “Vatan Hasreti” (Heimweh) adl\u0131 oyunundan bir foto\u011fraf, 1928<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I.B.Neumann Galerisi 1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Alman Devrimi olarak da bilinen Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun y\u0131k\u0131larak yerine Alman Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmas\u0131ndan hemen sonra Dada etkinlikleri i\u00e7in kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bir ka\u00e7 kez a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir radikal Berlin tiyatrosu olan Trib\u00fcne, birka\u00e7 sahnelemeyle John Heartfield\u2019\u0131n Erwin Piscator\u2019a yard\u0131m etti\u011fi ve George Grosz\u2019un (Georg Gross, 1893-1959) \u015fiirlerini okudu\u011fu Dada toplanma yerleri olmu\u015ftur. Bu arada onlar, \u015fimdi kay\u0131p olan Sammy Avrupa\u2019da ve Pierre Saint-Nazaire\u2019de gibi Amerika kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 projeler i\u00e7in animasyonlu propaganda filmlerinde birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

John Heartfield, karde\u015fi Wieland Herzfelde (Wieland Herzfeld, 1896-1988) ile birlikte \u00f6ncelikle “Yeni Nesil” (New Jugend) ad\u0131nda bir ayl\u0131k dergiyi devralm\u0131\u015f, Else Lasker-Sch\u00fcler (1869-1945), Johannes R. Becher (1891-1958), Theodor Daeubler (1876-1934), Franz Kafka (1883-1924) gibi \u015fair ve yazarlar\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonras\u0131nda, George Grosz\u2019un litograflar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamak amac\u0131yla Malik Yay\u0131nevi’ni (Malik Verlag) kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

John Heartfield, rekl\u00e2mc\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitim sayesinde Berlin Dada Hareketi’nden \u00f6nce kitap kapa\u011f\u0131 tasar\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, foto\u011fraf par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n bir birine eklenmesi suretiyle olu\u015fturulan fotomontaj sanat\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, Malik Yay\u0131nevi’nde sola hizmet eden politik yay\u0131nlar\u0131 tasarlam\u0131\u015f ve daha \u00e7ok erken tarihlerde ideolojik olarak y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc belirlemi\u015ftir. J<\/p>\n

ohn Heartfield\u2019\u0131n kullanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu teknikle, yani fotomontaj teknolojisiyle foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k sanat\u0131 yeni terimlerle tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, yayg\u0131n medyada kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lara sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde yeni boyutlar kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. John Heartfield, bas\u0131l\u0131 yay\u0131ndan, renkli dergilere ve resimli kitaplara kadar bir\u00e7ok alanda foto\u011fraf\u0131n yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nayak olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\"John
John Heartfield, Erwin Piscator’un “Politik Tiyatro” adl\u0131 oyunu i\u00e7in afi\u015f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

John Heartfield, karde\u015fi Wieland Herzfelde ve George Grosz, 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda Jean (Hans) Arp (1887-1966) ve Romen \u015fair Tristan Tzara (1896-1963) gibi sanat\u00e7\u0131larla Z\u00fcrih\u2019te ba\u015flayan ve New York\u2019a, Paris\u2019e, Hanover\u2019e, K\u00f6ln\u2019e ve Barselona\u2019ya yay\u0131lan Dada’n\u0131n Berlin kanad\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131nda kilit rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Malik Yay\u0131nevi olarak onlar, grubun 1920\u2019de da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce olan Dada-Messe (Dada Fuar\u0131) i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f katalog d\u00e2hil, Berlin Dada grubuna ait \u00f6nemli yay\u0131nlar\u0131 basm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan yazar Kurt Tucholsky (1890- 1935) ile birlikte 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda hicivsel kitap olan Deutschland, Deutschland \u00fcber Alles\u2019i (Almanya, Her \u015eeyin \u00dczerinde B\u00fcy\u00fck Almanya) yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131t, Almanya’n\u0131n o y\u0131llarda i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ortam\u0131 belgelemesi nedeniyle tarihsel bir \u00f6neme sahiptir; Tucholsky metinleri yazm\u0131\u015f, Heartfield ise yaz\u0131lara bir dizi belgesel foto\u011fraf ve fotomontaj eklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1920 Dada g\u00f6sterisinin manifestosu, John Heartfield\u2019\u0131 “Montajc\u0131 dada” olarak tan\u0131mlar ve ger\u00e7ekten de Heartfield sanat\u00e7\u0131 yerine montajc\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00f6sterinin afi\u015fleri, sanat\u0131n ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ilan ederken, mekanik olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden foto\u011fraf reprod\u00fcksiyonunun iyi bir \u00f6rne\u011fini olu\u015fturur ve Maschinenkunst ‘u (makine-sanat) y\u00fcceltir.<\/p>\n

John Heartfield’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Erwin Piscator ve Bertolt Brecht (Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht, 1898-1956) gibi Alman sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f nesneleri g\u00f6stermeleri ve insan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 modern medya teknikleri ve toplu yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla sanatsal ifadeye do\u011fru y\u00f6nlendirilmelerinin \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir.<\/p>\n

John Heartfield foto\u011frafta, ‘fakirin resmini’ kullanm\u0131\u015f ve Resimli \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Gazetesi (Die Albeiter Illustrierte Zeitung\/AIZ) adl\u0131 gazete ile resimlerini i\u015f\u00e7ilere ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 elit kesimin be\u011fenisi i\u00e7in hedeflenmemi\u015ftir; daha \u00e7ok kitlelerin hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n etkilenmesi hedeflenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

John Heartfield, bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle sanat\u00e7\u0131ya yeni bir rol bi\u00e7mi\u015ftir. John Heartfield\u2019\u0131n yetene\u011fi sayesinde fotomontaj, Weimar d\u00f6neminin politik sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir unsuru haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, John Willet’in (1917-2002) s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi; yap\u0131tlar\u0131 Weimar k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ‘yap\u0131c\u0131 vizyonudur’.<\/p>\n

Dada’dan sonraki y\u0131llarda John Heartfield, kurulu\u015funun ilk g\u00fcn\u00fc (31 Aral\u0131k 1918) \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands\/ KPD) ile daha da yak\u0131nla\u015farak, hareketin \u00f6nc\u00fc sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

John Heartfield\u2019\u0131n sonraki resimsel stratejileri Dada d\u00f6neminde geli\u015fmesinde etkili oldu\u011fu kopuk ve ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 montaj esteti\u011fini \u0131srarla reddetse de, kitlesel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn dilini kullanan Dadaist provokasyon taktiklerini izlemeye devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde Kom\u00fcnist Parti’ye bir sempati duymu\u015ftur. \u0130lk fotomontajlar\u0131, Weimar Cumhuriyeti’ne kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan fotomontajlard\u0131r. 1933 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131nda sanat\u0131n\u0131 Nazizm’e ve Nazi propagandas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemine adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"John
John Heartfield, Karl Plaettner\u2019in Hapishanede Eros adl\u0131 kitap kapak tasar\u0131m\u0131. Mopr Yay\u0131nevi,1929,Berlin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00d6te yandan AIZ\u2019in yay\u0131nc\u0131s\u0131 ve Komintern’in (The Communist International) uluslararas\u0131 medya giri\u015fimcisi Willi M\u00fcnzenberg’in (1889-1940), AIZ arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla John Heartfield\u2019\u0131n fotomontajlar\u0131 ile propaganda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in organizasyon zemini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ve bu durumun Fransa\u2019da, \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019da, \u0130spanya\u2019da veya di\u011fer yerlerdeki fotomontaj kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkisini \u00f6nceledi\u011fi saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Resim 4 John Heartfield’\u0131n AIZ i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu “Yeni \u0130mparatorluktaki Eski Slogan: Kan ve Demir” (The Old Slogan in the ‘New’ Reich: Blood and Iron) adl\u0131 fotomontaj tasla\u011f\u0131. 8 Mart 1934.<\/p>\n

\"4
*4 John Heartfield’\u0131n AIZ i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu “Yeni \u0130mparatorluktaki Eski Slogan: Kan ve Demir” (The Old Slogan in the ‘New’ Reich: Blood and Iron) adl\u0131 fotomontaj tasla\u011f\u0131. 8 Mart 1934<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

John Heartfield\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zellikle AIZ i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu kapak fotomontajlar\u0131, bir kompozisyondan ziyade resimlerin ve metinlerin kaplanm\u0131\u015f par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kombinasyonudur.<\/p>\n

John Heartfield’\u0131n fotomontajlar\u0131, Weimar D\u00f6nemi’nin politik sanat\u0131 hakk\u0131nda en \u00f6nde gelen \u00f6rnekleri olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Weimar Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni \u015fiddetle ele\u015ftirmi\u015f olan sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n Almanya\u2019da Nazi rejimi boyunca (1933-1945) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, siyasal otorite taraf\u0131ndan vatan haini olarak ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1933’te Hitler diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ka\u00e7arak Prag’a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde AIZ i\u00e7in fotomontajlar \u00fcretmeye, 1938’de \u0130ngiltere’ye s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilene dek devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclkesi Almanya’ya geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Almanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden geri d\u00f6nen Nazi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 m\u00fcltecileri \u00fclkede istememeleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zor g\u00fcnler ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"John
*John Heartfield, Goebbels\u2019\u0131n Almanya\u2019daki yiyecek k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 re\u00e7etesi-“Ne?Sofran\u0131zda domuz ya\u011f\u0131 ve tereya\u011f\u0131 m\u0131 eksik? Yahudilerinizi yesenize!”,24 Ekim 1935, AIZ.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 boyunca antifa\u015fist bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn olarak bulundu\u011fu Londra’da oldu\u011fu gibi, sonras\u0131nda \u00fclkesi Do\u011fu Almanya\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde de bir yabanc\u0131 gibi ya\u015famak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Almanya\u2019da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel b\u00fcrokratlar John Heartfield\u2019\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ‘formalist’ oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esi ile ele\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Onlara g\u00f6re yeni sanat pozitif olmal\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hayat\u0131n\u0131 temsil ederken y\u00fcceltici olmal\u0131, i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve formu itibar\u0131 ile 1920 ve 1930’lar\u0131n Avangart k\u00fclt\u00fcrel deneyimcili\u011finden daha basit olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Talihin beklenmedik \u015fekilde ters d\u00f6nmesiyle John Heartfield’\u0131n fotomontajlar\u0131 Do\u011fu Alman i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a negatif ve ilgisiz olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n koyuldu\u011fu sergiler ve yay\u0131nlar 1950\u2019lerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kana kadar kimse ondan bahsetmez.<\/p>\n

John Heartfield\u2019\u0131n sanat\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7o\u011fu yap\u0131tlar\u0131, sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Do\u011fu Berlin’de Sanat Akademisi’nde (ADK, Akedemie Der K\u00fcnste) sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"6<\/a>
*6 John Heartfield’\u0131n cenaze t\u00f6reni, Wieland Herzfelde’in konu\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda. Berlin Sanat Akademisi, 3 May\u0131s 1968<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

John Heartfield’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, geli\u015fimi 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda iki verimli fenomenin bir sentezi olan bohem Avangart ile \u00f6nc\u00fc Marksist-Leninist k\u0131talarda olu\u015fur ve tarihsel konsolidasyon d\u00f6nemleri boyunca haftal\u0131k ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir fenomen olarak kitle ileti\u015fiminde yer al\u0131r. Douglas Kahn’a (1951-) g\u00f6re; 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n birka\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan biridir ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar kitle ileti\u015fiminde (film d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) birinci ve en \u00f6nemli sanat\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Meral Bostanc\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Edit\u00f6r\u00fcn Notu:<\/strong><\/p>\n

*Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n torunu John J Heartfield’\u0131n k\u00fcrat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 John Heartfield Sergisi’nin (John Heartfield Exhibition<\/a>) izni ile yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r. John Heartfield Sergisi, sadece John Heartfield’\u0131n hayat\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla ilgili en kapsaml\u0131 web sitesi de\u011fil, ayr\u0131ca d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ve cesaretle sanat ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir politik sanat m\u00fczesidir.<\/em><\/p>\n

(These images are courtesy of The John Heartfield Exhibition<\/a>, curated by his grandson, John J Heartfield. The Heartfield Exhibition is the not simply the most comprehensive website regarding the life and work of John Heartfield. It is also a powerful political art museum for art & artists with integrity & courage)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Berlin Dada sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alan John Heartfield, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sanat tarihinde \u00f6zel bir yere sahiptir<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":136362,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[61002,6221,6670],"tags":[113402,129838,120863],"class_list":["post-136361","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biyografi","category-kultur","category-sanat","tag-dada","tag-john-heartfield","tag-meral-bostanci"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136361","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136361"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136361\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/136362"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136361"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=136361"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nationalturk.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=136361"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}